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Critically examination of perspectives in nursing and interdisciplinary fields relevant to the global burden of chronic illness on an individual. Emphasis is placed on variations in the conceptualization of phenomena associated with human responses to illness, in particular chronic illness and symptomatology across disciplines and cultures and their relationships to assumptions underlying nursing science.聽Comprehensive understanding of the impact of chronic illness on the individual is enhanced by the emphasis on social determinants of health. Knowledge development of equitable person-centered approaches address individuals驴 needs.聽Research, practice, and educational implications evolving from the synthesis of this knowledge will be explored.聽聽